.. .. META INFORMATION OF TRANSLATION .. .. $TranslationStatus: Done, wainting for revision. $ .. $OriginalRevision: 13609 $ .. $TranslationAuthors: Robson Mendonça $ .. .. INFO OF THIS FILE (DO NOT EDIT! UPDATED BY SUBVERSION) .. .. $HeadURL$ .. $LastChangedRevision$ .. $LastChangedBy$ .. $LastChangedDate$ .. Escrevendo commando customizados para o django-admin ==================================================== .. versionadded:: 1.0 As aplicações podem registrar suas próprias ações com ``manage.py``. Por exemplo, você pode querer adicionar uma ação ``manage.py`` para uma aplicação Django que você está distribuíndo. In this document, we will be building a custom ``closepoll`` command for the ``polls`` application from the :doc:`tutorial`. Para fazer isto, é só adicionar um diretório ``management/commands`` na sua aplicação. Cada módulo Python neste diretório será auto-discoberto e registrado como um comando que pode ser executado como uma ação quando você roda ``manage.py``:: polls/ __init__.py models.py management/ __init__.py commands/ __init__.py closepoll.py tests.py views.py Neste exemplo, o comando ``closepoll`` será disponibilizado para qualquer projeto que incluir a aplicação ``polls`` no ``settings.INSTALLED_APPS``. O módulo ``closepoll.py`` tem somente um requerimento -- ele deve definir uma classe chamada ``Command`` que estende ``django.core.management.base.BaseCommand`` ou uma de suas :ref:`subclasses`. .. admonition:: Standalone scripts Custom management commands are especially useful for running standalone scripts or for scripts that are periodically executed from the UNIX crontab or from Windows scheduled tasks control panel. To implement the command, edit ``polls/management/commands/closepoll.py`` to look like this: .. code-block:: python from django.core.management.base import BaseCommand, CommandError from example.polls.models import Poll class Command(BaseCommand): args = '' help = 'Closes the specified poll for voting' def handle(self, *args, **options): for poll_id in args: try: poll = Poll.objects.get(pk=int(poll_id)) except Poll.DoesNotExist: raise CommandError('Poll "%s" does not exist' % poll_id) poll.opened = False poll.save() print 'Successfully closed poll "%s"' % poll_id The new custom command can be called using ``python manage.py closepoll ``. The ``handle()`` method takes zero or more ``poll_ids`` and sets ``poll.opened`` to ``False`` for each one. If the user referenced any nonexistant polls, a :class:`CommandError` is raised. The ``poll.opened`` attribute does not exist in the :doc:`tutorial` and was added to ``polls.models.Poll`` for this example. The same ``closepoll`` could be easily modified to delete a given poll instead of closing it by accepting additional command line options. These custom options must be added to :attr:`~BaseCommand.option_list` like this: .. code-block:: python from optparse import make_option class Command(BaseCommand): option_list = BaseCommand.option_list + ( make_option('--delete', action='store_true', dest='delete', default=False, help='Delete poll instead of closing it'), ) # ... In addition to being able to add custom command line options, all :doc:`management commands` can accept some default options such as :djadminopt:`--verbosity` and :djadminopt:`--traceback`. Command objects =============== .. class:: BaseCommand The base class from which all management commands ultimately derive. Use this class if you want access to all of the mechanisms which parse the command-line arguments and work out what code to call in response; if you don't need to change any of that behavior, consider using one of its :ref:`subclasses`. Subclassing the :class:`BaseCommand` class requires that you implement the :meth:`~BaseCommand.handle` method. Attributes ---------- All attributes can be set in your derived class and can be used in :class:`BaseCommand`'s :ref:`subclasses`. .. attribute:: BaseCommand.args A string listing the arguments accepted by the command, suitable for use in help messages; e.g., a command which takes a list of application names might set this to ''. .. attribute:: BaseCommand.can_import_settings A boolean indicating whether the command needs to be able to import Django settings; if ``True``, ``execute()`` will verify that this is possible before proceeding. Default value is ``True``. .. attribute:: BaseCommand.help A short description of the command, which will be printed in the help message when the user runs the command ``python manage.py help ``. .. attribute:: BaseCommand.option_list This is the list of ``optparse`` options which will be fed into the command's ``OptionParser`` for parsing arguments. .. attribute:: BaseCommand.output_transaction A boolean indicating whether the command outputs SQL statements; if ``True``, the output will automatically be wrapped with ``BEGIN;`` and ``COMMIT;``. Default value is ``False``. .. attribute:: BaseCommand.requires_model_validation A boolean; if ``True``, validation of installed models will be performed prior to executing the command. Default value is ``True``. To validate an individual application's models rather than all applications' models, call :meth:`~BaseCommand.validate` from :meth:`~BaseCommand.handle`. Methods ------- :class:`BaseCommand` has a few methods that can be overridden but only the :meth:`~BaseCommand.handle` method must be implemented. .. admonition:: Implementing a constructor in a subclass If you implement ``__init__`` in your subclass of :class:`BaseCommand`, you must call :class:`BaseCommand`'s ``__init__``. .. code-block:: python class Command(BaseCommand): def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): super(Command, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs) # ... .. method:: BaseCommand.get_version() Return the Django version, which should be correct for all built-in Django commands. User-supplied commands can override this method to return their own version. .. method:: BaseCommand.execute(*args, **options) Try to execute this command, performing model validation if needed (as controlled by the attribute :attr:`requires_model_validation`). If the command raises a :class:`CommandError`, intercept it and print it sensibly to stderr. .. method:: BaseCommand.handle(*args, **options) The actual logic of the command. Subclasses must implement this method. .. _ref-basecommand-subclasses: BaseCommand subclasses ---------------------- .. class:: AppCommand A management command which takes one or more installed application names as arguments, and does something with each of them. Rather than implementing :meth:`~BaseCommand.handle`, subclasses must implement :meth:`~AppCommand.handle_app`, which will be called once for each application. .. method:: AppCommand.handle_app(app, **options) Perform the command's actions for ``app``, which will be the Python module corresponding to an application name given on the command line. .. class:: LabelCommand A management command which takes one or more arbitrary arguments (labels) on the command line, and does something with each of them. Rather than implementing :meth:`~BaseCommand.handle`, subclasses must implement :meth:`~LabelCommand.handle_label`, which will be called once for each label. .. method:: LabelCommand.handle_label(label, **options) Perform the command's actions for ``label``, which will be the string as given on the command line. .. class:: NoArgsCommand A command which takes no arguments on the command line. Rather than implementing :meth:`~BaseCommand.handle`, subclasses must implement :meth:`~NoArgsCommand.handle_noargs`; :meth:`~BaseCommand.handle` itself is overridden to ensure no arguments are passed to the command. .. method:: NoArgsCommand.handle_noargs(**options) Perform this command's actions .. _ref-command-exceptions: Command exceptions ------------------ .. class:: CommandError Exception class indicating a problem while executing a management command. If this exception is raised during the execution of a management command, it will be caught and turned into a nicely-printed error message to the appropriate output stream (i.e., stderr); as a result, raising this exception (with a sensible description of the error) is the preferred way to indicate that something has gone wrong in the execution of a command.